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Towards zero training for brain-computer interfacing.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are highly subject-specific and vary considerably even between recording sessions of the same user within the same experimental paradigm. This challenges a stable operation of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems. The classical approach is to train users by neurofeedback to produce fixed stereotypical patterns of brain activity. In the machine learning approach, a widely adapted method for dealing with those variances is to record a so called calibration measurement on the beginning of each session in order to optimize spatial filters and classifiers specifically for each subject and each day. This adaptation of the system to the individual brain signature of each user relieves from the need of extensive user training. In this paper we suggest a new method that overcomes the requirement of these time-consuming calibration recordings for long-term BCI users. The method takes advantage of knowledge collected in previous sessions: By a novel technique, prototypical spatial filters are determined which have better generalization properties compared to single-session filters. In particular, they can be used in follow-up sessions without the need to recalibrate the system. This way the calibration periods can be dramatically shortened or even completely omitted for these 'experienced' BCI users. The feasibility of our novel approach is demonstrated with a series of online BCI experiments. Although performed without any calibration measurement at all, no loss of classification performance was observed.
PLoS ONE. 2008 Aug 13;3(8):e2967. Krauledat M, Tangermann M, Blankertz B, Müller KR. Machine Learning Laboratory, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany. kraulem@cs.tu-berlin.de
Bullying is a condition or situation where one or more people are involved with aggression that is so excessive as cause extreme psychological stress for others. Unfortunately, it is a fact of life in international affairs, politics, organizational dynamics, and with individuals. By its ubiquitous nature it should be obvious that it has always played a role in our society. This, however, does not mean that we should not be concerned.
The predominant problem with bullying is its affect on the victims. When it occurs the recipient must cope and adjust behavior. This can either cause...
These are some of my favorite inspirational commitment quotes.
“Stay committed to your decisions, but stay flexible in your approach.” – Anthony Robbins
“There's a difference between interest and commitment. When you're interested in doing something, you do it only when circumstance permit. When you're committed to something, you accept no excuses, only results.” – Author Unknown
“Commitment unlocks the doors of imagination, allows vision, and gives us the "right stuff" to turn our dreams into reality.” – James Womack
“Desire is the key to motivation, but it's determination and...
Over the past several years too many people have had to cope with the stress of financial difficulties. Very rarely have these situations been the consequence of poor decisions on the part of the affected individuals. Yet, it is so difficult for someone undergoing such stresses and strains to convince themselves that they are not at fault.
In our society many have always placed an emphasis on finding oneself. Generally, this meant realizing a sense of self-identity. In other words, we want to find out who we are. Often this leads us to seek answers from religious or other spiritual...
